As Ukrainian drones have disrupted Russian logistics and struck military and industrial targets hundreds of miles inside Russia, the Kremlin has placed growing emphasis on the Oreshnik intermediate-range ballistic missile.
The renewed emphasis comes as Ukraine’s long-range strike campaign raises the military and domestic costs of the war for Moscow. A July analysis by the Center for Strategic and International Studies concluded that Russia has lost the military initiative after suffering an estimated 1.4 million battlefield casualties, including up to 450,000 dead. The open-source intelligence group Black Bird Group estimated that Russian forces ended June with a small net territorial loss, their second net negative month of 2026 despite continuing offensive operations.
The campaign is also disrupting daily life inside Russia. The investigative outlet Mediazona reported that some form of fuel rationing was in place across 56 Russian regions by late June. Kyle Glen, an investigator at the Centre for Information Resilience, told me the shortages have become one of Russia’s most serious domestic challenges since the war began. Rising transport costs are pushing up the price of groceries and other goods, he said, making it harder for the Kremlin to reassure Russians that the war remains under control.
Why Keep Using Oreshnik?
Russia has launched the Oreshnik at least three times since its introduction, including during a major May strike on the Kyiv region. While capable of carrying either conventional or nuclear warheads, it has yet to demonstrate comparable effectiveness in conventional strikes.
If the Oreshnik has delivered only limited military results, why does the Kremlin continue to highlight it?
The answer may lie less in what the missile can destroy than in what it can influence. Interviews with analysts and newly surfaced technical evidence suggest its principal role is to shape decision-making in Western capitals while reinforcing the Kremlin’s image of strength at home.
“The Oreshnik has shown little military value,” Steven Moore, founder of the Ukraine Freedom Project, told me. “But sending a nuclear-capable missile into Ukraine gives Western military planners the chills.”
Moore argues the missile is intended less to achieve decisive military results than to discourage additional Western support through nuclear signaling. He also believes the launches project strength to audiences inside Russia.
“The Russian people are losing faith in Vladimir Putin’s ability to keep them safe. He needs to show strength, and he is running out of ways to do that. The Oreshnik is a big bomb for a man who is feeling small,” Moore said.
A separate assessment by the Ukrainian private intelligence firm Dallas Analytics reaches a similar conclusion from a technical perspective.
“Western intelligence needs to decouple the Kremlin’s superpower posture from actual battlefield utility,” a company representative told me.
In the firm’s assessment, the Oreshnik is no conventional “wonder weapon,” but an expensive system with significant accuracy limitations that is unlikely to alter conditions at the front. Instead, “the true target of the Oreshnik is the West,” the representative said, arguing that Moscow uses the weapon to signal escalation while projecting strength at home.
While the firm’s technical analysis could not be independently verified, its conclusions align with those of other analysts who view the Oreshnik primarily as a tool of strategic signaling rather than a decisive battlefield weapon.
Built On Soviet Foundations
The engineering helps explain that assessment.
During a June 4 meeting with international news agency editors, Putin said one Oreshnik launch was intended to gather performance data for future deployments rather than simply destroy a target, RIA Novosti reported.
Documents analyzed by Dallas Analytics suggest the Oreshnik is not the entirely new design Moscow has portrayed. Instead, it still relies on Soviet-era guidance architecture built around the GU-503 gyroscope, a design dating to the 1970s. Because the navigation system was built around that component, replacing it would require a substantial redesign rather than a simple upgrade.
Export controls on advanced microelectronics further complicate modernization, while obsolete testing equipment makes it harder to validate and improve the missile’s guidance system, according to the firm’s analysis.
At hypersonic speeds, even small guidance errors become significant. The researchers estimate that a deviation of just 0.5 degrees can cause the missile to miss its intended target by dozens of kilometers.
Taken together, the findings help explain why the Oreshnik’s conventional performance has often fallen short of its reputation while challenging Moscow’s portrayal of the weapon as a next-generation missile.
Even so, the researchers caution against dismissing it. Despite its limitations against conventional targets, the Oreshnik remains a highly survivable, nuclear-capable intermediate-range ballistic missile that could compress NATO’s decision time to minutes. That makes it a powerful instrument of strategic coercion even when its conventional impact is limited.
As Ukraine continues raising the cost of the war for Russia, the Oreshnik may prove most valuable not for the damage it inflicts but for the uncertainty it creates in Western capitals.
